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Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Microphysics of Clouds, by Vitaly I. Khvorostyanov, Judith A. Curry
Free PDF Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Microphysics of Clouds, by Vitaly I. Khvorostyanov, Judith A. Curry
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Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Microphysics of Clouds presents a unified theoretical foundation that provides the basis for incorporating cloud microphysical processes in cloud and climate models. In particular, the book provides: • a theoretical basis for understanding the processes of cloud particle formation, evolution and precipitation, with emphasis on spectral cloud microphysics based on numerical and analytical solutions of the kinetic equations for the drop and crystal size spectra along with the supersaturation equation; • the latest detailed theories and parameterizations of drop and crystal nucleation suitable for cloud and climate models derived from the general principles of thermodynamics and kinetics; • a platform for advanced parameterization of clouds in weather prediction and climate models; • the scientific foundation for weather and climate modification by cloud seeding. This book will be invaluable for researchers and advanced students engaged in cloud and aerosol physics, and air pollution and climate research.
- Sales Rank: #2068457 in Books
- Published on: 2014-08-25
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.96" h x 1.34" w x 6.97" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 782 pages
Review
"I highly recommend Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Microphysics of Clouds for atmospheric science professionals and advanced students. Its combination of analytical rigor, up-to-date references, and equations adapted for modeling applications makes it a valuable resource for modelers and experimentalists in cloud physics and climate research. This important work will also challenge readers with its novel approach to the field and provide a fresh perspective that they have likely not encountered."
Nathan Magee, Physics Today
About the Author
Vitaly Khvorostyanov is Professor of Physics of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere, Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Russian Federation. His research interests are in cloud physics, cloud numerical modeling, atmospheric radiation, cloud-aerosol and cloud-radiation interactions with applications for climate studies and weather modification. He has served as Head of the Laboratory of Numerical Modeling of Cloud Seeding at CAO, Coordinator of the Cloud Modeling Programs on Weather Modification by Cloud Seeding in the USSR and Russia, Member of the International GEWEX Radiation Panel of the World Climate Research Program and Member of the International Working Group on Cloud-Aerosol Interactions. Dr Khvorostyanov has worked as a visiting scientist and Research Professor in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany and Israel. He has co-authored nearly 200 journal articles and four books: Numerical Simulation of Clouds (1984), Clouds and Climate (1986), Energy-Active Zones: Conceptual Foundations (1989) and Cirrus (2002). Dr Khvorostyanov is a member of the American Geophysical Union and the American Meteorological Society.
Judith Curry is Professor and Chair of the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology. She previously held faculty positions at the University of Colorado, Penn State University and Purdue University. Dr Curry's research interests span a variety of topics in the atmospheric sciences and climate. Current interests include cloud microphysics, air and sea interactions and climate feedback processes associated with clouds and sea ice. Dr Curry is co-author of Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans (1999) and editor of the Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences (2003). She has published more than 190 refereed journal articles. Dr Curry is a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Geophysical Union. In 1992, she received the Henry Houghton Award from the American Meteorological Society.
Most helpful customer reviews
11 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Applications in Engineering: not just for climate science
By Dan Hughes
The book is not to just for the atmospheric sciences, the material is useful for engineering applications, also. Note I have been verified by Amazon as a buyer of the book.
The book presents the synthesis and grand exposition of decades of detailed work by both the first author and the joint work of both authors. The focus of the authors' work is the atmospheric sciences, and both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation and growth are covered for both liquid and solid along with applications to modeling clouds and associated atmospheric problems. Additionally, the nitty-gritty details of the physical world that torture beautiful theories are considered, as they must always be. We seldom get to play in the purity of the theoretical.
The coverage is exhaustive in physical phenomena and processes and mathematical modeling details. The literature review and citations are also exhaustive including coverage from the earliest works to recent years. The engineering literature, of course, is not a focus area for the work. It might be a useful exercise to apply the models and methods developed in the book to the experimental data that are available in the engineering literature; especially that concerned with condensation of the liquid phase from its vapor or gaseous mixtures ( humid air, for example ).
As is the general case whenever two or more phases or fluids are involved, the nomenclature naturally leads to many sub-and super-scripts, and combinations of subs- and supers-, and many of these require combinations of mnemonic symbols. That being said, the nomenclature in the book is a model of clarity. The development of the mathematics is another model of clarity. Intermediate steps that are frequently omitted are instead included and detailed descriptions of the justifications of the equation development are spelled out step-by-step. The derivation of the van der Waals form of the equation of state, and its variations, developed in Chapter 3 are examples of the level of details throughout the text that I have read. And this chapter reviews the thermodynamics of pure components, phase transitions, and aqueous solutions.
The depth of development of concepts is generally not available in journal publications. I think the book will serve as a reference text and as a supplement to engineering texts and journal publications. Selected parts can be used to form university courses; the entire book likely cannot be covered in a single academic year.
I have not read the entire book, and I'm certain that digesting the contents of the entire book will be a major undertaking. I have taken an over-all scan of the major features and I have read chapters and sections that discuss those aspects that relate to engineering applications with which I am familiar. A few of these cross-cutting areas include: equation of state for water ( especially the meta-stable states ), condensation and growth of the liquid phase from its vapor phase or gaseous mixtures, effects of turbulence, effects of surfactants, effects of nuclei in heterogeneous nucleation and growth, particle drag, and experimental data for model validation.
I think the coverage of the equation of state for water will be immediately useful in engineering applications in which meta-stable states are encountered. How to handle thermodynamic state, transport, and thermal-physical properties for superheated liquid and subcooled vapor are always an issue in these problems. Generally it seems that maximum liquid superheating limits can approach the spinodal line but uncertainty is associated with the case of vapor subcooling limits and the spinodal line on that side of 'the doom'.
The equation of state for water developed by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) is the gold standard in engineering. The IAPWS-95 version is a recent formulation and this formulation is discussed and its validation up to 2012 is mentioned in Chapter 4. The formulation is computationally expensive and many times the official version is seldom used whenever rapid transients are part of the problem. There are hundreds, maybe even thousands, of engineering-grade versions floating around. I doubt that the pure formulation can be used in GCMs so the approximations presented in Chapter 4 are important. GCMS of course do not consider rapid transients, but they do involve a massive number of grid cells and somewhat long time spans.
The many solid states of water are also discussed in Chapter 4. Ice Nine is mentioned.*
Nucleation and growth of liquid droplets from a vapor, or mixture of non-condensing and condensing gases, are important in several engineering areas such as steam flows in turbines, flows in supersonic nozzles such as rocket propulsion, and flows around airplanes in humid air, among others.
Likewise nucleation and growth of vapor regions from its liquid phase as encountered primarily in boiling flows and to a lesser degree cavitation at lower pressures, are encountered in many engineered systems. Generation of electric power by use of water and its vapor has led to an enormous number of investigations into vapor-bubble nucleation, growth and the subsequent effects of these on the hydrodynamics of the flows in the engineering literature. The phenomena and processes discussed in the book are encountered in the general engineering areas of the multi-phase thermal-hydraulic sciences and their applications.
Many engineered systems involve the use of structures to bound the flows of interest and the interface between the fluids and structures is sometimes critically important relative to nucleation and growth of both vapor and liquid regions. The present book does not directly consider engineered equipment and the effects of fluid-solid interfaces due to equipment boundaries are not consider at all.
The fundamental concepts developed in the book, for both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation and growth of liquid from its vapor phase, are directly useful in many engineering applications. I am not aware of many cases for which nucleation and growth of the solid phase from the liquid phase is encountered in engineered equipment. That is not to say that such situations do not exist.
The Kindle edition is especially accessible as it takes maximum advantage of HTML with extensive use of links to equations, chapters, sections, and references. My experience so far indicates that all the HTML aspects are successfully handled in the Kindle version. The Kindle edition is also very useful for increasing the accessibility of the numerous equations in the text. And so far all the equations are correctly handled. Checking the mnemonic symbols in sub- and super-scripts is greatly facilitated by use of the Kindle utilities.
A personal note. It happens that I have both the hardcopy and Kindle versions. How and why this happened is a different story altogether. I recommend the Kindle version over the hardcopy. The hardcopy uses a small font size and these are small indeed by the time you get to the compound sub-scripts in long complicated equations. It's been hard to break the I have to hold a book syndrome, but the Kindle is converting me, even after some initial failures when it came to mathematical equations.
A second personal note. Engineers, even those USA converts to SI, will have to be aware of, and beware of, the units used in the book.
*Vonnegut Jr., Kurt
6 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Valuable summary of understanding
By Steve Ghan
This is a tour de force on the microphysics clouds. I know of no other book that so seamlessly integrates the body of understanding of the microphysics of clouds. The book lays a foundation with statistical descriptions of cloud microphysical properties, of thermodynamics of free energy, solutions, phase changes, and mixtures of gases, solids and liquids, and properties of water and aqueous solutions. It then considers growth of droplets and ice crystals by diffusion and coagulation, followed by growth and activation of aerosol particles to form cloud droplets. It then addresses the more challenging subject of ice crystal nucleation, providing a lucid summary of homogeneous nucleation before discussing both empirical and theoretical approaches to representation of the various modes of heterogeneous nucleation of ice crystals. Moving beyond nucleation, it explains gravitational settling, condensational growth, and collision/coalescence.
Much of the book is based on the very substantial contributions to the journal literature by the authors, but the book also includes new material addressing various limiting cases that illuminate understanding of regime-dependence of droplet nucleation. However, by building from the impressive work by the authors, it misses important contributions to understanding of population splitting by Nenes and colleagues and the kappa-Kohler representation of hygroscopicity by Petters and Kreidenweis. It also misses recent work by Harrington and colleagues on the processes producing the varieties of ice crystal habit.
Compared with the polular Seinfeld and Pandis book Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Clouds probes much deeper into cloud microphysics and touches only lightly on mass transfer. Compared with Pruppachaer & Klett’s classic Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Clouds provides more consistent use of symbols and discusses much material published after PK. It is a worthy update summarizing our understanding of cloud physics.
5 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent reference for students and researchers in cloud physics
By Vladimir V. Chukin
REVIEW
by Dr. Vladimir V. Chukin, Associate Professor of the Russian State Hydrometeorological University, on February 10, 2015
The book is a good reference for researchers in cloud physics and remote sensing. The book can be especially useful for the students with good mathematical background. Students can use it as a manual studies and for numerical simulations of cloud microphysical and optical properties, droplet activation, ice nucleation, diffusion and coagulation growth, parameterization of the size spectra and fall velocities, and most other cloud processes. All the methods of calculations of these properties are described in detail, step-by-step, which makes reading easier. A valuable feature of the book is presentation of the modern concepts and theories developed in cloud physics over the last 2-3 decades and absent in the older books.
Indeed, the book combines simplicity and clarity of presenting the material. For example, a detailed description of Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process (page 158) is given, allowing to students to create a Python script for numerical simulation of the process in a few minutes.
The thermodynamics relations, used in cloud microphysics, are widely and in detail described. For example, the Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac statistics are presented. The authors show the boundaries of their usage (pages 56) and possible application for homogeneous and heterogeneous ice nucleation at low energy of ice germ formation (page 299). This detailed consideration of various statistical distributions allows more accurate calculations, extensions to lower temperatures, and shows that the critics expressed in one of the previous reviews by Paul Pukite is erroneous.
Since I am an expert in the field of supercooled droplets crystallization, I'm pleasantly surprised by the high level of presentation of the theory of the ice nucleation. The equations of classical nucleation theory (CNT) for the critical radius and energy of an ice germ (page 318) are substantially generalized, so that they depend on both the temperature and the saturation ratio, which allows to consider both dependencies simultaneously and with account for their mutual strong feedbacks.
Unfortunately, the book does not address the atmospheric electricity, in particular, the mechanisms of droplets and crystals electrification, leading to the appearance of strong electric fields in the clouds. This could be caused by the already large size of the book. It certainly does not reduce the importance of this excellent book.
I would like to express my gratitude to the authors for their work. Special thanks to the head of the library of RSHU Mrs. Elena Astafeva for her assistance in the purchase of the book for the university.
COMMENTS
on the wrong and misleading review by Paul Pukite
As I dealt for many years with cloud particles nucleation and parameterization of their size spectra, I have a few comments on the review by Paul Pukite, which seems to me completely wrong, misleading and based on poor knowledge of both quantum statistics and methods used in cloud physics. The review at Amazon.com site of Paul Pukite of September 5 2014 for the book by Khvorostyanov and Curry contains two main statements, which, he thinks, are wrong in the book.
1) The first statement is "The authors apply Bose-Einstein statistics to the formation of both liquid and ice nucleation. There is no precedent for using B-E statistics in anything other than very-low, near absolute zero, physical behaviors".
The transition from the Bose-Einstein to Boltzmann statistics occurs not at a temperature close to zero K, as Pukite erroneously assumes, but is determined by another condition. Both statistical distribution include the exponent exp(-E/kT). When E ≤ kT, then the more complete Bose-Einstein statistics should be used. Under another condition, E >> kT, the Bose-Einstein statistics is simplified and converts into the Boltzmann statistics. Thus, not proximity to zero K, but the ratio E/kT is the criterion of transition from Bose-Einstein to Boltzmann statistics.
There are several different derivations of the Bose-Einstein statistics in theoretical physics but none of these derivations requires that the temperature should be near absolute zero (e.g., Landau and Lifshitz, v. 5, Statistical Physics, 1958b; Born, 1963; Atkins, 1982), etc. In contrast to Pukite's claim, there are many precedents of using Bose-Einstein statistics at any temperature (including very high) for the particles with integer spin, like, e.g., photons, gluons (a component of protons and neutrons, which compose all the matter that surrounds us in everyday life at any temperature), or Higgs's bosons that give inertia to any particles at any temperature, and to all the other more than 70 bosons- at any temperature. P.W. Atkins in his classical book "Physical Chemistry" (2nd edition, 1982, page 688) writes: "When the particles are ordinary molecules they obey a type of statistics known as Bose-Einstein statistics which can be developed as follows". Then Atkins derives the BE statistics applicable for molecules and other particles with integer spin at any temperature. Then Atkins gives a list of 12 books, where various statistical distributions are derived (it would be useful to Paul Pukite to read some of these or similar books). Then Atkins considers on several next pages applications of various statistics (including BE) for various molecules at various temperatures including 100 K, 298 K, 5000 K, etc. Thus, Bose-Einstein statistics is applied at high temperatures and not near "absolute zero" as Pukite erroneously assumes.
Another example of application of BE statistics is the Planck function, which is simply BE distribution multiplied by the second power of radiation frequency as described on page 55 of the book by Khvorostyanov and Curry (2014, hereafter, KC-2014). Integration of the Planck function (proportional to BE distribution) over all frequencies gives the integral flux of the black-body radiation (Stefan-Boltzmann law), i.e., the integral flux that the body emits at a given temperature T. Well-known calculations show that the approximate emission temperature of the Earth is ~300 K, the emission temperature of the sun is ~6000 K and both temperatures are evaluated based on BE statistics. Is it close to "absolute zero" as Pukite assumes? So, Bose-Einstein statistics is valid far above from absolute zero, and understanding of Paul Pukite of this BE statistics is completely wrong.
Yet another "precedents" of using BE statistics far above zero K are Einstein's (1906) and Debye's (1912) theories of heat capacity of solids. E.g., the heat capacity for ice was calculated with BE statistics for harmonic oscillators in various models with the Debye's characteristic temperature as 192 K or 318 K, so that BE statistics was applied far above zero K (e.g., Hobbs, 1974; Landau and Lifshitz, v. 5, 1958b; Born, 1963; see also pages 114-116 in Khvorostyanov and Curry, 2014), in conflict with illiterate Pukite's statement that it should be near zero K.
After reading Chapters 8 and 9 of the book, I could understand as it is clearly described in these sections of the book that all calculations of the nucleation rates and particles concentrations in this book were done with the traditional Boltzmann's statistics as it is usually done in classical nucleation theory (CNT) (page 293, eq. (8.2.1) and subsequent equations in Chapter 8; page 397, eq. (9.2.6) and page 411, eq. (9.6.2) and subsequent equations in Chapter 9). Possible application and testing of Bose-Einstein statistics is just briefly outlined on half a page as a possible generalization of Boltzmann's statistics at sufficiently low temperatures when critical energy of a germ formation F-cr may become comparable to (kT) (page 299 in Chapter 8). This regime may occur not at very low temperatures close to zero Kelvin, as Pukite erroneously assumes, but at intermediate temperatures due to low surface tension or other parameters of CNT decreasing with temperature (e.g., around 200 K). But Bose-Einstein statistics was never applied for any calculations in this book. Thus, the statement in Pukite's review that "The authors apply Bose-Einstein statistics to the formation of both liquid and ice nucleation" is completely wrong falsification of what has done in this book. Boltzmann's statistics is applied in all calculations in this book, not B-E statistics.
The explanations above show that Pukite's claim that BE statistics is applicable only near zero K is based on nothing (where did he take it from?) and is conflict with all the modern views of physics. Note however that if nucleation calculations were performed in KC-2014 book not with Boltzmann but with Bose-Einstein distribution, they would be valid and could be extended to lower temperatures since BE statistics includes Boltzmann statistics as a particular case. It would be interesting to carry out ice nucleation calculations with Bose-Einstein distribution when F-cr ≤ kT and Boltzmann statistics becomes invalid. This may occur at intermediate temperatures, e.g., 180-200 K, still well above zero K.
2) The second statement in Pukite's review is "Other sections talk about "the older power law and newer lognormal parameterizations of aerosol size spectra" -- these are already out-of-date as modern uncertainty approaches always favor power-law distributions".
This again illustrates Pukite's fundamental unawareness in cloud microphysics. All major types of drop, crystal and aerosol size spectra are considered in the book, including power laws, exponential and gamma distributions, and the quantitative relations among them are established.
However, everybody who deals with cloud microphysics now and has even a minimum knowledge here, from the undergraduate students, to the most experienced experts in this area, knows that the size spectra usually used now for parameterization of drop, crystal and aerosol distributions are lognormal or gamma distributions (see reviews in Chapters 2, 6, 13, 14 in this book KC-2014; Pruppacher and Klett, 1997, and Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998 and many other books and papers). Vice versa, the power law distributions suggested for aerosol at the beginning of 1950's, are very rarely used in the modern literature.
Thus, the claim of Pukite that "lognormal parameterizations are already out-of-date as modern uncertainty approaches always favor power-law distributions" are in conflict with all the modern parameterizations of the size spectra, and shows his complete unawareness about the current literature on cloud physics and parameterizations used in the cloud models of all types- from the parcel models, to cloud-scale models, and to weather and climate models. For example, an Intercomparison of simulations of the recent MPACE (Mixed-Phase-Arctic Clouds Experiment), where several tens leading modelers from all over the world participated, used lognormal size spectra for aerosol and gamma distributions for drops and crystals (Klein et al., 2009; Morrison et al., 2009). Similar parameterizations were used for simulations of ISDAC and CRYSTAL (2004) campaigns (big series of papers of the last decade in JGR and JAS). And no power laws as Pukite again erroneously assumes for the "modern approaches".
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